Accurate archaeological reconstruction of the Hierakonpolis - the former center of Predynastic Egypt. You will build the real houses, temples and tombs, that were excavated by archeologists in XX-XXI century. The fate of the whole nation is in your hands. Make important decisions in real historical situations, wars, disasters. The prehistory of Egypt spans the period from the earliest human settlement to the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period around 3100 BC, starting with the first Pharaoh, Narmer for some Egyptologists, Hor-Aha for others, with the name Menes also possibly used for one of these kings. The Predynastic Period in Ancient Egypt is the time before recorded history from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic Age and on to the rise of the First Dynasty and is generally recognized as spanning the era from c. 6000-3150 BCE (though physical evidence argues for a longer history). Egyptian art and architecture - Egyptian art and architecture - Predynastic period: The term predynastic denotes the period of emerging cultures that preceded the establishment of the 1st dynasty in Egypt. In the 6th millennium bce there began to emerge patterns of civilization that displayed characteristics deserving to be called Egyptian. The accepted sequence of predynastic cultures is.
(5,500 – 3,100 BC)
Scholars mark the beginning of the Predynastic Egyptian period somewhere between 6500 and 5000 BC when farmers first moved into the Nile valley from Western Asia, and the ending at approximately 3050 BC, when the dynastic rule of Egypt began. The period of Ancient Egypt history, which includes the period of Predynastic Egypt, stretches over 3000 years and encompasses hundreds of Pharaohs.
The Predynastic Egyptian Period is divided into four separate phases: the Early Predynastic which ranges from the 6th to 5th millennium BCE (approximately 5500 – 4000 BCE), the Old Predynastic which ranges from 4500 to 3500 BCE (the time overlap is due to diversity along the length of the Nile), the Middle Predynastic which roughly goes form 3500 – 3200 BCE, and the Late Predynastic which takes us up to the First Dynasty at around 3100 BCE.
But perhaps the best researched of these cultures – and the most important in the story of Predynastic Egypt – is the so-called Naqada culture. Its earliest form emerged around 4,000 BC, and was also called Amratian Culture, or Naqada I. Several things characterize this Chalcolitic culture.
The Chalcolithic period, also called the 'Primitive' Predynastic, marks the beginning of the true Predynastic cultures both in the north and in the south. The southern cultures, particularly that of the Badarian, were almost completely agrarian (farmers), but their northern counterparts, such as the Faiyum who were oasis dwellers, still relied on hunting and fishing for the majority of their diet. Predictably, the various craftworks developed along further lines at a rapid pace. Stoneworking, particularly that involved in the making of blades and points, reached a level almost that of the Old Kingdom industries that would follow.
Another important event that took place during this period was the discovery of a 'Scorpion' tomb at Abydos. King Scorpion was believed to have ruled Upper Egypt and lived just before or during the rule of Narmer at This
During the Predynastic Period, Egyptians developed a written language and also came up with an institutionalized religion. They developed a settled, agricultural civilization along the fertile, dark soils (Kemet or black lands) of the Nile (which involved the revolutionary use of the Plough) during a period in which Northern Africa was becoming arider and the edges of the Western and Saharan desert spread.
The known names of the Pharaohs who ruled during these dynasties of the Predynastic Egyptian period are
1. Horus ‘Scorpion' Pharoah
2. Horus Zekhen
3. Horus Ro
4. Horus Narmer 'Catfish
During this era, hunting was no longer a major support for existence now that the Egyptian diet was made up of domesticated cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats, as well as cereal grains such as wheat and barley. Artifacts of stone were supplemented by those of metal, and the crafts of basketry, pottery, weaving, and the tanning of animal hides became part of the daily life. The transition from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional civilization was nearly complete.
Prehistoric EgyptTimeline | History Predynastic & Early Dynastic Period Before the Pharaohs.
Discover the Secrets of The Origins of Egyptian Civilization and Egyptian Era Before the Pyramids and more Ancient Egypt Civilization Time Period.
History and details of civilizations and historical eras in order. The ancient Stone Age, the Mesolithic age, the Neolithic Stone Age, the Neolithic mineral and the pre-dynasties and the book-like era, what are the elements of the emergence of the Egyptian Pharaonic civilization in the era before the dynasties, what is the Safran Dynasty Egypt, zero, and more of the secrets of the ancient civilization of Egypt.
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Paleolithic times Prehistoric Egypt (2 million -12,000 BC)
Lower Paleolithic
There is no doubt that the lower paleolite began late in Egypt and the ancient culture that might have been displaced from black Africa through the desert prevailed, but the effects in Egypt show such culture in the range of 700,000 BC. M at the lower Nile and near the slopes of Abu Simbel.
And then appeared tools belonging to the Assyrian culture, such as Wadi Halfa and Arkin 8, which showed the structures of houses, which is surprising, indicating a clear community housing, and there is another site (14 – Bs) in the Libyan desert, where the Bedouin fishermen and collectors lived in the oases. As well as in the Hamada desert (Asps – 20).
Middle Paleolithic Prehistoric Egypt(100,000 BC – 30,000 BC)
Nubian regions were filled with tools and culture, as well as the Hamada 17-Asps desert. The erect and Neanderthals who migrated to Egypt appeared to many lakes, including those from Kharga.
There was also the mustard culture created by Neanderthals, and the amber culture and the corresponding local Egyptian culture, called Khomrosan, which witnessed the stone industry of pointed tools.
Large sites of animal remain and stone man-made industries have been discovered at the BT-14 site. There are some of them on the Red Sea coast and also in the Libyan desert.
Upper Paleolithic (30,000 – 12,000 BC)
Perhaps the most famous of the highest baolite sites in Egypt is the Kom Ombo site on the eastern bank of the Nile River in southern Upper Egypt, where reliefs appear on some small minerals and pointed tools made of chips. Bows and arrows may have appeared, and life was getting drier around the Nile. There are stable settlements of the Halfan peoples who hunted large animals that relied on small stone tools.
Prehistoric Egypt Mesolithic or Epipaleolithic (12,000-5,000 BC):
It is the era in which the Sebilian culture in Egypt prevailed over the name of the site in which its tools were first found. Edmund Vanguard called it. They are microscopic tools made of diorite and graphic rocks and they are divided into three types:
- Lower Sabila: It is a modified metallic industry with an adjustment to its points.
- Central Sabila: Small (micro) knives.
Dr. Upper Sabila: They are small flint knives, using blades and heads on spears and arrows.
There are indications of the emergence of wild cultivation in the range of 10.500 BC where the stone machetes appear, indications of the failure of artificial cultivation buildings due to the increasing drought, and there are indications of cases of violence among the residents of the regions in order to obtain food (cemeteries of Jabal As-Sahabah and Bushki).
Important information comes from the ages of Epipiolet before 5.500 BC from the site (the Cape), which is located between the eastern bank of the Nile and the hills of the Red Sea. Three peoples' camps have been discovered and inhabited the exact codes. These industries were called (Sharm Oak) and (Arkan) and their history appears to be around 7440 BC, which are small settlements. There are effects indicating the domestication of animals within 5110 BC.
Prehistoric Neolithic Neolithic period (3800-5000 BC)
In prehistoric times, Egypt passed through the stone ages (ancient, medieval and modern), and the medieval stone age (Mesolithic which is sometimes called epipalolite) took three thousand years (8000-5000 BC) and it seemed as though it was later than the Mesopotamia Valley and the Levant, which started In them during this period the Newolite era 'and therefore was followed by the late emergence of the Neolithic period in Egypt (5000-3800), where the tulet came in the fifth millennium before Christ.
It appears that the discovery of agriculture came to Egypt from the Levant. But this Neolithic period detonated a tremendous development in Egypt, where the population continued to increase with the means of subsistence, namely agriculture and animal domestication, without leaving the ancestral activities where the presence of land and marine hunting machines continued in the sites besides machetes and hoes.
Finally, man invented pottery and textile. These industries are the beginnings of the development that led Egypt step by step from the community of small groups on the coasts of Lake Fayoum, the shores of the Nile and in the oases; It is a shift from a chase life to a super central monarchy capable of building pyramids.
Prehistoric Egypt Timeline:
The early days of agriculture appeared in this era, and the debate is still raging about whether agriculture has emerged with local efforts or whether it came from outside Egypt.
Some of them think that this is the period of the beginning of the pre-dynastic era, and clear changes have appeared in the burial customs – the settlements have become permanent, and the villages and the beginnings of (post-death beliefs) are evident in the burial methods where pottery and ornaments appeared in the graves and the burial of the dead in the fetus position westward In preparation for the departure to the world of death.
The most important cultures of Newolite are Faiyum A, Marmada Bani Salama, Al-Omari, Helwan, and in the South (NASA).
When the ancient Egyptians resorted to diversifying their livelihoods, they developed the stone industry and identified other new industries. In this way, many areas emerge: 1. Domestication of animals 2. Knowledge of cultivation of the earth and stability around it 3. The appearance of stone tools used in polishing, development and modification 4. Knowledge of pottery and the diversification of its shapes and colors 5.
Begin practicing how to make mats from woven, making baskets, twine ropes, linen spinning and weaving 6. Clear interest in ornamental tools and the search for entertainment 7. Clear interest in homes through simple capabilities available 8. Beginning to pay attention to cemeteries and develop burial habits with their difference in all civilizational sites in the city Neolithic and copper age.
The Neolite era, which is now estimated to be a thousand years (4,500 – 3,500) BC, is organized by a group of Neolithic cultures in northern and southern Egypt (see table). In North Egypt (the Delta) three new cultures emerged, namely, Fayoum A, Marmada Bani Salama, Al-Omari-Helwan, while in southern Egypt (the desert), the culture of Deir Tasa prevailed throughout the Neolithic era.
Prehistoric Egypt Northern Egypt (Delta):
1- Faiyum A: About 4500 BC
2- Mawmdah Bani Salama: around 4000 BC
3- Al-Amry – Helwan: About 3500 BC. M Car mechanic simulator 2018 pc.
Predynastic Egypt Map
Southern Egypt (desert)
Lune (4500-3500) BC. M
The northern cultures were more regular and frequent in their social, rich and spiritual life, as a pattern of houses, burial methods and pottery appeared, in which the civilizations of the south did not appear. The Tasa culture, which denotes the culture of the south, was part of a comprehensive culture that spread the Nile Basin to the Delta. Another witness was the cupolas of Khartoum at the Shaheenab site, which was characterized by a special style of pottery that appeared with the manufacture of beautiful undulating jars.
Prehistoric Egypt Mineral stone age (Calcite) Pre-dynastic era (3800 – 3200 BC):
Call of the sea soundtrack. The mineral stone age (Chaicolic) in Egypt is called the pre-Predynastic era, and it is an accurate name because the emergence of the use of minerals in Egypt did not bring about a sudden change in it, but the emergence of new cultures is a qualitative continuation of the cultures of Nolite.
Archaeologists divide the pre-dynastic era into four distinct cultures (primitive, early, middle, and later). In the primitive stage, a culture of Fayoum B appeared in the north, and in the south a culture of Badari began, where the use of minerals began, burial methods developed and what appeared to indicate the presence of burial rites associated with animals.
In the early stage, the Al-Jazari culture appeared in the north (and its precursors were called the second Helwan culture). In the south only, the Amawi culture appeared.
Al-Amari culture (Naqada 1) was distinguished in particular by its rich and delicate sense and the quality of its archaeological and clay products in particular, and pictures of animals close to the Egyptians at the time, such as fish, crocodiles and hippopotamuses, appeared …. they are water animals, and they formed from the basis of limited acts of worship and totems of sanctification, where they were carefully drawn and featured with dance drawings And ritual movements.
Prehistoric Egypt Cultures of Egyptian Calcolite (pre-dynastic era) circa (3500-3000) BC.
A view on the beginning of the emergence of Egyptian civilization in an era before dynasties
We believe that the search for the secret of the emergence of Egyptian civilization lies in the pre-family era, which is still shrouded in great ambiguity, but we see that what we have today has important implications for this stage that enables us to form a theoretical hypothesis about the emergence of Egyptian civilization at that time.
We see that the period 4000 – 3000 B.C. is the period of the emergence of Egyptian civilization, which is the last millennium of prehistoric times, and it is from a scientific point of view includes the two stages of the copper stone age (Calcite) and the era similar to the historical book-like (Protoletrite).
Undoubtedly, at this stage, due to its internal factors, Egypt has reached a stage of civilization maturity in which it prepared for a qualitative shift later, and this period also represents a region of civilized incentives coming from outside Egypt, which allowed the mixing of mature local elements from the Egyptian tiolite culture and the beginning of the calcite culture with The four incoming elements from the outer periphery of Egypt, and we will place their importance according to their sequence here:
The Elements of the Sumerian Civilization
In the middle stage of the pre-dynastic era (specifically after the first Naqada culture), a serious and important development occurred in the history of ancient Egypt. Strong evidence emerged of the occurrence of the conquest or immigration of Asian people who came to Egypt and made a qualitative leap that made Egypt accelerate culturally and begin to form its authentic quality civilization.
The scholars attribute that this migration or conquest is from the Mesopotamia valley (old Iraq), and that its civilizational features indicate that it is a Sumerian character, and the new arrivals to Egypt took one of two paths, the first through Palestine and then towards the Delta (which is more likely) and the second by the Red Sea Across the valley of Hammamet and Qeft.
Predynastic Egypt History
Jean Vercoulter, a scientist, markets a body of evidence to support this migration or invasion.
At the beginning of the era of the Jerzy civilization, tombs appeared in Egypt containing skulls with long heads (Dolichocephalic) and skulls of round head nat – Brachyce Phalic. The second type must be the remains of the genus of a new invasive race.
The ivory handle carved from pre-dynasty trays knife (El-Arak knife mount handle) (Iraq) showing objects (boats), scenes (facing animals) and people (bearded and turban-shaped) people are of Mesopotamia.
Buildings built with sun-dried wages in the late pre-late dynasties must have been inspired by contemporary Sumerian monuments, where the same structural and stone styles were used.
Prehistoric Egypt prehistoric age :
The emergence of mock writing in Egypt, which came soon after the time in which it appeared in Wadi Al-Rafidayn, can only be explained as a tradition of Sumerian mock writing that was present at the time, as both systems (biblical) adopt the same foundations and include elements of the type Himself as demonstrated by this (Wadl).
Henry Frankfurt provides further evidence of the emergence of ancient Iraqi influences in the pre-dynastic era, such as the emergence of cylindrical seals in island burials, which bear the shapes and patterns of ravidin in nature, as well as engravings of the golden handle of the knife, which they found in Jabal al-Turaif in Egypt.
And inscriptions of the hardness of the hunting of lions, where the images of the fishermen were engraved in two rows, wearing a collar hanging from each of them a bull's tail, and on their heads a wig in which two feathers are in their hands, brigades, bayonets, arches and arrows. (Akira Temple) i.e. (Temple of the Earth God).
The water boats engraved on the handle of the Iraq generation knife provide us with decisive evidence of Iraqi influences. They are interwoven boats that closely resemble the Sumerian boats known for their high ends or with a crescent shape.
Frankfurt believes that it is a mistake to consider the birth of the Egyptian civilization as a result of contact with the Valley of the arrivals only, because the signs of development and change that were gathering around the end of the pre-captivity era are very many. It seems that the result of this development and change was definitely Egyptian in its general nature and characteristics, and believes that if all the Rafidian influences are omitted, then the transmission of the beginnings of writing from Iraq to Egypt cannot be neglected.
Waddell compiled a list of the Sumerian origin of hieroglyphs written by Sumerian immigrants from Iraq.
It is archaeologically known that the Sumerian writing in its figure form is the first writing known to man and that it appeared in the range of 3200 BC. M
Elements of the culture (Ta Seti) from northern Sudan
Within the range of 4000 BC, a creeping occurrence occurred from a mysterious culture called the Ta City (whose name refers to the god who refers to the desert) and is coming from northern Sudan at the culture of Qastal and Naqada in Abydos in southern Egypt during the pre-dynastic period, and it deeply affected areas Waterfalls (Gondolas 1 and 2), have unearthed archeology from this culture in southern Egypt.
Elements of a culture wiping out Ta Tmhu from northern Libya
The people of Tammu are a white people with blond hair, and many have indicated that they came from southern Europe to the Libyan coasts and settled there, and there are indications that he migrated towards the Egyptian delta, which was called 'wiping' and mixed with the indigenous people and interacted with them civilly. Pottery and especially the first group C (5000 – 2900 BC), which also appeared in Nubia.
Thus we reach that there is a link between wiping out, which is the blond people of Africa, and these pottery vessels, and now that we have learned that Egyptian pottery had a foreign sunken decoration, then we reach the possible home of wiping, which is believed to be, either from Europe or from the sea region Mediterranean.
This is because the Egyptian pottery above it has a special ornament which is the coloring by applying a layer of paint, and it was preferred on the other hand by the Mediterranean pottery, as well as western and northern Europe in the prehistoric era due to the notched decoration. Indeed, there is a surprising link in form and adornment between this type of decoration and African decoration that cannot be merely a coincidence or a consensus of ideas.
There is no doubt that there are great ancient ties that have great significance and necessity, because they make us overlook the role of the game of these people in special cases not only in Egyptian culture, but also in the construction of their buildings.
Prehistoric Egypt – Elements of a culture of Tnu, Tnyhnu, from the desert of Libya
The people of Al-Tannu are a dark-skinned people who live in the Libyan desert in western Egypt. He also came with his ancient prehistoric culture represented by the unique desert paintings in Tseili, Tebsti, Fezzan and others. There is no doubt that he rushed to the Nile Valley for reasons related to the drought that was occurring from time to time there.
'Tenderness, or Thnhnu, Thny' came in the Egyptian inscriptions since the dawn of Egyptian history, and I give them the most painful reference that the era of the Scorpion King, as he wrote the name of their country on the effect of depicting methods brought from there, then from the era of King Naomer Narmar, and since the state The ancient until the eighteenth Dynasty was the inhabitants of Tjehnu, Thny deny their followers (a follower) Hatyu-ca, a term used to be called the Egyptian princes, and so (Nhno) is the name of a geographical region and not a name for a people.
Moreover, the country of Tishnu also mentioned a trace from the reign of King Montuhotep (Neb Hutb-Ra) of the eleventh family, alongside the Nubians and Asians, as mentioned in the Snohey story that they are the inhabitants of Tinu. And Dr. Ahmed Fakhry believes that the word 'tahnou' has been used since the second family for a population, as well, when the word 'tahnou' lost its original meaning.
Prehistoric Egypt. The book-like era (protoletrite), similar to historical (proto-historical) (3100-3000 BC).
Hieroglyphic writing (Egyptian pictograph):
Hieroglyphic writing appeared within the limits of (3300 – 3200 BC) where the oldest Egyptian monument arrived and used pictures to symbolize the initial sounds of some words, and the images were inspired by the Egyptian plant, animal and human environment such as (mouth = ra, eye = see, throne = six , House = Righteousness, Snake = Faye, Bunny = One).
There are words with three letters such as (Al-Hayat = Ankh, Hattab = Radhi-Qurban, Nagur = Jameel). There were letters expressing words, which are the first letters of the words, but they became indicative of those words such as (the snake = Fay is expressed by the letter P, and the owl in the letter M, and the kite in the letter A … etc.).
Egyptian pictographs or pictorials are called hieroglyphics (which is a Greek word) that has an ancient Egyptian origin (Mdontr). It is translated from it and the latter means (spiritual signs) or (sacred inscription).
Prehistoric Egypt Timeline:
In his book on the Sumerian origins of Egyptian civilization, Waddell believes that hieroglyphs are Sumerian writing. He says, 'It has now become clear that Egyptian hieroglyphs are the local reversion to the earliest style of Sumerian fictional writing by presenting most of the signs and they were drawn completely and precisely in its natural and objective forms.
This is well noted in the explanatory tables of the Egyptian writing in the previous pages and appendices, a side-by-side appearance of the precisely drawn signs and mastery of: Taurus, Falcon – Sun, King, Boat, Vases … etc., in Egyptian writing, which could only be drawn by artists Trainers for a remarkable period and carefully, represented in Alsumaria with initial idiomatic lines (close-up) for those animals and characters … etc., the rapid writing was adapted by businessmen, with those apparently free in Egyptian hieroglyphs are just iron or semi-fevers.
Perhaps the first Sumerians were the ones who arrived in Egypt and contributed to its civilizational beginnings at this stage, and there have already been Ravidian influences in the Jezzy culture, and we will present here the tables (Wadl) that he mentioned in his book, in which he compares the Sumerian origin of the Egyptian hieroglyphics through the most famous bacteriological sections:
Prehistoric Egypt Prehistoric dynasty Safran (00)
The term (family or dynasty 00) is used (00 Dynasty) to refer to the group of kings and leaders who appeared in the culture of Naqada late second and early Naqada III (+ NagadaIIc III A2) whose time ranges in the range of (3500 – 3220 BC) where Egypt lived a stage Multiple city states in northern and southern Egypt.
The stage of this dynasty, which may be for what is known as the Proto-history or Proto-litarale era, was marked by many qualitative civilizational achievements such as the emergence of writing and religious and funerary beliefs and the rise of warrior kings who would prepare to unite the city-states, and this stage could be considered a beginning The emergence of prototypes for the whole coming dynasty.
A group of kings whose names were referred to as animal symbols such as fish, elephant, ox, lion, and others appeared. For more information, see the research by Francisco Raphaeli.
Prehistoric Dynasty Zero (0)
This term (family or dynasty 0) (0 Dynasty) is used to refer to the group of leaders and kings who appeared in the culture of Naqada the third in its second half (Nagada III B = III C1), whose time ranges between (3200 -3050) BC where the formation began The state through three city states, namely (Thinis, Nakhn, Naqada), where worshipers of God Six were worshiped, whereas Thinis and Nakhn worshiped Horus.
Then the city of Naqada fell and Thines managed to include Nakhn and gradually unify the country. The Kings of Thinis were buried in Abydos in the tomb of Umm al-Kab. The total number of kings of the dynasty was zero (0) twelve monarchs, the last of which was King (Narmer).
The late stage of the pre-dynasty's era was the civilized land of a forthcoming qualitative shift that would make Egypt the second largest cultural hotspot in the land with the Mesopotamian Valley.
During this stage, great political and religious developments took place, including that the city of Ambus (Nobit) in the south became the most powerful Egyptian city there and the god (Seth) was worshiped and this city was transformed into the capital of the southern region, which entered with the city (Bakhirat) the capital of the northern region (which is worshiped In it the god (Hur) deity falcon) is in a long struggle.
Prehistoric EgyptTimeline:
The North Region won the south, and Egypt unified for the first time in a politically large kingdom whose capital is the city of On, near Cairo, which the Greeks call Heliopolis. But this kingdom did not last long, as the two regions soon separated from each other and a new conflict took place between them, which took the remainder of the pre-dynastic era.
It became the capital of the north, Buto, in the western delta, and it is a wrong Greek reading, where its Egyptian name was 'Otto', which is the name of the Sumerian sun god. The goddess of this capital was depicted in the form of a snake that appears from the flower of the papyrus plant (which reminds us of the myth of the god Otto). As for the capital of the south, it became (Kab – El) and its symbol was the goddess (Nakhbat), which was depicted in the form of a falcon emerging from the flower of the bush plant.
And later the Egyptian pharaohs kept from among their surnames the title (with the two gods i.e. Bhutto and elite) the two guardians of the North and the South (hence the habit that caused the Egyptian to depict these two protector gods of King Tara in the form of two snakes, and another in the form of two hands. The great deities depicted in the form of snakes or eyes, as they merged into the royal crowns that distracted the Egyptians and were named after the women of magic.
prehistoric age:
The Pharaohs of God (Hur) worshiped in the northern and southern provinces, expressing their unity. The northern kings were distinguished by a red conical crown, while the southern kings were distinguished by a white conical crown.
- The deities Nakhbat (Rakhmeh) and the plant of Al-Asil / the goddess of the place in the south.
- Goddess Bhutto (Snake) and papyrus plant / Goddess Bhutto in the north.
Palermo Stone (relative to the Palermo Museum in Sicily, where the five largest fractures are located) and other annals of the ancient kingdom, denied that a large number of kings ruled in pre-dynastic Egypt, and we only know from the names of these kings seven of the northern kings such as (ska Khayu, Thich …).
And five names of the kings of the south were made clear by the reading: King Scorpion, who had great influence, and he called all of these kings the title (Abdo Hour), specifically (Shemsh Hor).
At the end of this era, the city of Nakhon (Hera Konpolis) became the capital of the south and the city of B, that is, Bhutto, the capital of the north.
According to recent studies, it is the two angels (Scorpio) and (Narmer) that united the North and South kingdoms in one kingdom. This is shown by the inscriptions of the King Scorpion's Pin, King Narmer's Pin (Narmer), and the Narmer Salat, which are indications of the struggle these two monarchs made in uniting Egypt to begin the era of ancient dynasties, which we can call the beginning of the historical era of Egypt.
After that, the country went through two attempts to unite the southern and northern countries, but they were unsuccessful until a strong ruler from the 'Thani' region (the Balinah Center) named (Narmer) or (Mina) managed to reunite the country and unify it for the third time under his rule.
Prehistoric Egypt:
And he chose for himself a new capital located in an intermediate center between the north and the south, which is the city of 'MTV', which was formerly known as mn – nfr, and it is the capital of the first southern region, which was known as inb – hd, meaning the white wall to surround the city with a huge white wall to fortify it. mn – nfr is the name given to the pyramid of King Bibi the first in the era of the sixth family and from it derives the name of the current 'Memphis' and the god Ptah was the god of the new capital.
The scenery of people apparently working in a mine. We know that the second half of the year was the period of mining under the leadership of the sun in the evening and the cow and the goddess quarreled. It was very hot to work with mining in the summer. Cow and goats halved in the winter of the year were the most important contributors to food.
- Lower Sabila: It is a modified metallic industry with an adjustment to its points.
- Central Sabila: Small (micro) knives.
Dr. Upper Sabila: They are small flint knives, using blades and heads on spears and arrows.
There are indications of the emergence of wild cultivation in the range of 10.500 BC where the stone machetes appear, indications of the failure of artificial cultivation buildings due to the increasing drought, and there are indications of cases of violence among the residents of the regions in order to obtain food (cemeteries of Jabal As-Sahabah and Bushki).
Important information comes from the ages of Epipiolet before 5.500 BC from the site (the Cape), which is located between the eastern bank of the Nile and the hills of the Red Sea. Three peoples' camps have been discovered and inhabited the exact codes. These industries were called (Sharm Oak) and (Arkan) and their history appears to be around 7440 BC, which are small settlements. There are effects indicating the domestication of animals within 5110 BC.
Prehistoric Neolithic Neolithic period (3800-5000 BC)
In prehistoric times, Egypt passed through the stone ages (ancient, medieval and modern), and the medieval stone age (Mesolithic which is sometimes called epipalolite) took three thousand years (8000-5000 BC) and it seemed as though it was later than the Mesopotamia Valley and the Levant, which started In them during this period the Newolite era 'and therefore was followed by the late emergence of the Neolithic period in Egypt (5000-3800), where the tulet came in the fifth millennium before Christ.
It appears that the discovery of agriculture came to Egypt from the Levant. But this Neolithic period detonated a tremendous development in Egypt, where the population continued to increase with the means of subsistence, namely agriculture and animal domestication, without leaving the ancestral activities where the presence of land and marine hunting machines continued in the sites besides machetes and hoes.
Finally, man invented pottery and textile. These industries are the beginnings of the development that led Egypt step by step from the community of small groups on the coasts of Lake Fayoum, the shores of the Nile and in the oases; It is a shift from a chase life to a super central monarchy capable of building pyramids.
Prehistoric Egypt Timeline:
The early days of agriculture appeared in this era, and the debate is still raging about whether agriculture has emerged with local efforts or whether it came from outside Egypt.
Some of them think that this is the period of the beginning of the pre-dynastic era, and clear changes have appeared in the burial customs – the settlements have become permanent, and the villages and the beginnings of (post-death beliefs) are evident in the burial methods where pottery and ornaments appeared in the graves and the burial of the dead in the fetus position westward In preparation for the departure to the world of death.
The most important cultures of Newolite are Faiyum A, Marmada Bani Salama, Al-Omari, Helwan, and in the South (NASA).
When the ancient Egyptians resorted to diversifying their livelihoods, they developed the stone industry and identified other new industries. In this way, many areas emerge: 1. Domestication of animals 2. Knowledge of cultivation of the earth and stability around it 3. The appearance of stone tools used in polishing, development and modification 4. Knowledge of pottery and the diversification of its shapes and colors 5.
Begin practicing how to make mats from woven, making baskets, twine ropes, linen spinning and weaving 6. Clear interest in ornamental tools and the search for entertainment 7. Clear interest in homes through simple capabilities available 8. Beginning to pay attention to cemeteries and develop burial habits with their difference in all civilizational sites in the city Neolithic and copper age.
The Neolite era, which is now estimated to be a thousand years (4,500 – 3,500) BC, is organized by a group of Neolithic cultures in northern and southern Egypt (see table). In North Egypt (the Delta) three new cultures emerged, namely, Fayoum A, Marmada Bani Salama, Al-Omari-Helwan, while in southern Egypt (the desert), the culture of Deir Tasa prevailed throughout the Neolithic era.
Prehistoric Egypt Northern Egypt (Delta):
1- Faiyum A: About 4500 BC
2- Mawmdah Bani Salama: around 4000 BC
3- Al-Amry – Helwan: About 3500 BC. M Car mechanic simulator 2018 pc.
Predynastic Egypt Map
Southern Egypt (desert)
Lune (4500-3500) BC. M
The northern cultures were more regular and frequent in their social, rich and spiritual life, as a pattern of houses, burial methods and pottery appeared, in which the civilizations of the south did not appear. The Tasa culture, which denotes the culture of the south, was part of a comprehensive culture that spread the Nile Basin to the Delta. Another witness was the cupolas of Khartoum at the Shaheenab site, which was characterized by a special style of pottery that appeared with the manufacture of beautiful undulating jars.
Prehistoric Egypt Mineral stone age (Calcite) Pre-dynastic era (3800 – 3200 BC):
Call of the sea soundtrack. The mineral stone age (Chaicolic) in Egypt is called the pre-Predynastic era, and it is an accurate name because the emergence of the use of minerals in Egypt did not bring about a sudden change in it, but the emergence of new cultures is a qualitative continuation of the cultures of Nolite.
Archaeologists divide the pre-dynastic era into four distinct cultures (primitive, early, middle, and later). In the primitive stage, a culture of Fayoum B appeared in the north, and in the south a culture of Badari began, where the use of minerals began, burial methods developed and what appeared to indicate the presence of burial rites associated with animals.
In the early stage, the Al-Jazari culture appeared in the north (and its precursors were called the second Helwan culture). In the south only, the Amawi culture appeared.
Al-Amari culture (Naqada 1) was distinguished in particular by its rich and delicate sense and the quality of its archaeological and clay products in particular, and pictures of animals close to the Egyptians at the time, such as fish, crocodiles and hippopotamuses, appeared …. they are water animals, and they formed from the basis of limited acts of worship and totems of sanctification, where they were carefully drawn and featured with dance drawings And ritual movements.
Prehistoric Egypt Cultures of Egyptian Calcolite (pre-dynastic era) circa (3500-3000) BC.
A view on the beginning of the emergence of Egyptian civilization in an era before dynasties
We believe that the search for the secret of the emergence of Egyptian civilization lies in the pre-family era, which is still shrouded in great ambiguity, but we see that what we have today has important implications for this stage that enables us to form a theoretical hypothesis about the emergence of Egyptian civilization at that time.
We see that the period 4000 – 3000 B.C. is the period of the emergence of Egyptian civilization, which is the last millennium of prehistoric times, and it is from a scientific point of view includes the two stages of the copper stone age (Calcite) and the era similar to the historical book-like (Protoletrite).
Undoubtedly, at this stage, due to its internal factors, Egypt has reached a stage of civilization maturity in which it prepared for a qualitative shift later, and this period also represents a region of civilized incentives coming from outside Egypt, which allowed the mixing of mature local elements from the Egyptian tiolite culture and the beginning of the calcite culture with The four incoming elements from the outer periphery of Egypt, and we will place their importance according to their sequence here:
The Elements of the Sumerian Civilization
In the middle stage of the pre-dynastic era (specifically after the first Naqada culture), a serious and important development occurred in the history of ancient Egypt. Strong evidence emerged of the occurrence of the conquest or immigration of Asian people who came to Egypt and made a qualitative leap that made Egypt accelerate culturally and begin to form its authentic quality civilization.
The scholars attribute that this migration or conquest is from the Mesopotamia valley (old Iraq), and that its civilizational features indicate that it is a Sumerian character, and the new arrivals to Egypt took one of two paths, the first through Palestine and then towards the Delta (which is more likely) and the second by the Red Sea Across the valley of Hammamet and Qeft.
Predynastic Egypt History
Jean Vercoulter, a scientist, markets a body of evidence to support this migration or invasion.
At the beginning of the era of the Jerzy civilization, tombs appeared in Egypt containing skulls with long heads (Dolichocephalic) and skulls of round head nat – Brachyce Phalic. The second type must be the remains of the genus of a new invasive race.
The ivory handle carved from pre-dynasty trays knife (El-Arak knife mount handle) (Iraq) showing objects (boats), scenes (facing animals) and people (bearded and turban-shaped) people are of Mesopotamia.
Buildings built with sun-dried wages in the late pre-late dynasties must have been inspired by contemporary Sumerian monuments, where the same structural and stone styles were used.
Prehistoric Egypt prehistoric age :
The emergence of mock writing in Egypt, which came soon after the time in which it appeared in Wadi Al-Rafidayn, can only be explained as a tradition of Sumerian mock writing that was present at the time, as both systems (biblical) adopt the same foundations and include elements of the type Himself as demonstrated by this (Wadl).
Henry Frankfurt provides further evidence of the emergence of ancient Iraqi influences in the pre-dynastic era, such as the emergence of cylindrical seals in island burials, which bear the shapes and patterns of ravidin in nature, as well as engravings of the golden handle of the knife, which they found in Jabal al-Turaif in Egypt.
And inscriptions of the hardness of the hunting of lions, where the images of the fishermen were engraved in two rows, wearing a collar hanging from each of them a bull's tail, and on their heads a wig in which two feathers are in their hands, brigades, bayonets, arches and arrows. (Akira Temple) i.e. (Temple of the Earth God).
The water boats engraved on the handle of the Iraq generation knife provide us with decisive evidence of Iraqi influences. They are interwoven boats that closely resemble the Sumerian boats known for their high ends or with a crescent shape.
Frankfurt believes that it is a mistake to consider the birth of the Egyptian civilization as a result of contact with the Valley of the arrivals only, because the signs of development and change that were gathering around the end of the pre-captivity era are very many. It seems that the result of this development and change was definitely Egyptian in its general nature and characteristics, and believes that if all the Rafidian influences are omitted, then the transmission of the beginnings of writing from Iraq to Egypt cannot be neglected.
Waddell compiled a list of the Sumerian origin of hieroglyphs written by Sumerian immigrants from Iraq.
It is archaeologically known that the Sumerian writing in its figure form is the first writing known to man and that it appeared in the range of 3200 BC. M
Elements of the culture (Ta Seti) from northern Sudan
Within the range of 4000 BC, a creeping occurrence occurred from a mysterious culture called the Ta City (whose name refers to the god who refers to the desert) and is coming from northern Sudan at the culture of Qastal and Naqada in Abydos in southern Egypt during the pre-dynastic period, and it deeply affected areas Waterfalls (Gondolas 1 and 2), have unearthed archeology from this culture in southern Egypt.
Elements of a culture wiping out Ta Tmhu from northern Libya
The people of Tammu are a white people with blond hair, and many have indicated that they came from southern Europe to the Libyan coasts and settled there, and there are indications that he migrated towards the Egyptian delta, which was called 'wiping' and mixed with the indigenous people and interacted with them civilly. Pottery and especially the first group C (5000 – 2900 BC), which also appeared in Nubia.
Thus we reach that there is a link between wiping out, which is the blond people of Africa, and these pottery vessels, and now that we have learned that Egyptian pottery had a foreign sunken decoration, then we reach the possible home of wiping, which is believed to be, either from Europe or from the sea region Mediterranean.
This is because the Egyptian pottery above it has a special ornament which is the coloring by applying a layer of paint, and it was preferred on the other hand by the Mediterranean pottery, as well as western and northern Europe in the prehistoric era due to the notched decoration. Indeed, there is a surprising link in form and adornment between this type of decoration and African decoration that cannot be merely a coincidence or a consensus of ideas.
There is no doubt that there are great ancient ties that have great significance and necessity, because they make us overlook the role of the game of these people in special cases not only in Egyptian culture, but also in the construction of their buildings.
Prehistoric Egypt – Elements of a culture of Tnu, Tnyhnu, from the desert of Libya
The people of Al-Tannu are a dark-skinned people who live in the Libyan desert in western Egypt. He also came with his ancient prehistoric culture represented by the unique desert paintings in Tseili, Tebsti, Fezzan and others. There is no doubt that he rushed to the Nile Valley for reasons related to the drought that was occurring from time to time there.
'Tenderness, or Thnhnu, Thny' came in the Egyptian inscriptions since the dawn of Egyptian history, and I give them the most painful reference that the era of the Scorpion King, as he wrote the name of their country on the effect of depicting methods brought from there, then from the era of King Naomer Narmar, and since the state The ancient until the eighteenth Dynasty was the inhabitants of Tjehnu, Thny deny their followers (a follower) Hatyu-ca, a term used to be called the Egyptian princes, and so (Nhno) is the name of a geographical region and not a name for a people.
Moreover, the country of Tishnu also mentioned a trace from the reign of King Montuhotep (Neb Hutb-Ra) of the eleventh family, alongside the Nubians and Asians, as mentioned in the Snohey story that they are the inhabitants of Tinu. And Dr. Ahmed Fakhry believes that the word 'tahnou' has been used since the second family for a population, as well, when the word 'tahnou' lost its original meaning.
Prehistoric Egypt. The book-like era (protoletrite), similar to historical (proto-historical) (3100-3000 BC).
Hieroglyphic writing (Egyptian pictograph):
Hieroglyphic writing appeared within the limits of (3300 – 3200 BC) where the oldest Egyptian monument arrived and used pictures to symbolize the initial sounds of some words, and the images were inspired by the Egyptian plant, animal and human environment such as (mouth = ra, eye = see, throne = six , House = Righteousness, Snake = Faye, Bunny = One).
There are words with three letters such as (Al-Hayat = Ankh, Hattab = Radhi-Qurban, Nagur = Jameel). There were letters expressing words, which are the first letters of the words, but they became indicative of those words such as (the snake = Fay is expressed by the letter P, and the owl in the letter M, and the kite in the letter A … etc.).
Egyptian pictographs or pictorials are called hieroglyphics (which is a Greek word) that has an ancient Egyptian origin (Mdontr). It is translated from it and the latter means (spiritual signs) or (sacred inscription).
Prehistoric Egypt Timeline:
In his book on the Sumerian origins of Egyptian civilization, Waddell believes that hieroglyphs are Sumerian writing. He says, 'It has now become clear that Egyptian hieroglyphs are the local reversion to the earliest style of Sumerian fictional writing by presenting most of the signs and they were drawn completely and precisely in its natural and objective forms.
This is well noted in the explanatory tables of the Egyptian writing in the previous pages and appendices, a side-by-side appearance of the precisely drawn signs and mastery of: Taurus, Falcon – Sun, King, Boat, Vases … etc., in Egyptian writing, which could only be drawn by artists Trainers for a remarkable period and carefully, represented in Alsumaria with initial idiomatic lines (close-up) for those animals and characters … etc., the rapid writing was adapted by businessmen, with those apparently free in Egyptian hieroglyphs are just iron or semi-fevers.
Perhaps the first Sumerians were the ones who arrived in Egypt and contributed to its civilizational beginnings at this stage, and there have already been Ravidian influences in the Jezzy culture, and we will present here the tables (Wadl) that he mentioned in his book, in which he compares the Sumerian origin of the Egyptian hieroglyphics through the most famous bacteriological sections:
Prehistoric Egypt Prehistoric dynasty Safran (00)
The term (family or dynasty 00) is used (00 Dynasty) to refer to the group of kings and leaders who appeared in the culture of Naqada late second and early Naqada III (+ NagadaIIc III A2) whose time ranges in the range of (3500 – 3220 BC) where Egypt lived a stage Multiple city states in northern and southern Egypt.
The stage of this dynasty, which may be for what is known as the Proto-history or Proto-litarale era, was marked by many qualitative civilizational achievements such as the emergence of writing and religious and funerary beliefs and the rise of warrior kings who would prepare to unite the city-states, and this stage could be considered a beginning The emergence of prototypes for the whole coming dynasty.
A group of kings whose names were referred to as animal symbols such as fish, elephant, ox, lion, and others appeared. For more information, see the research by Francisco Raphaeli.
Prehistoric Dynasty Zero (0)
This term (family or dynasty 0) (0 Dynasty) is used to refer to the group of leaders and kings who appeared in the culture of Naqada the third in its second half (Nagada III B = III C1), whose time ranges between (3200 -3050) BC where the formation began The state through three city states, namely (Thinis, Nakhn, Naqada), where worshipers of God Six were worshiped, whereas Thinis and Nakhn worshiped Horus.
Then the city of Naqada fell and Thines managed to include Nakhn and gradually unify the country. The Kings of Thinis were buried in Abydos in the tomb of Umm al-Kab. The total number of kings of the dynasty was zero (0) twelve monarchs, the last of which was King (Narmer).
The late stage of the pre-dynasty's era was the civilized land of a forthcoming qualitative shift that would make Egypt the second largest cultural hotspot in the land with the Mesopotamian Valley.
During this stage, great political and religious developments took place, including that the city of Ambus (Nobit) in the south became the most powerful Egyptian city there and the god (Seth) was worshiped and this city was transformed into the capital of the southern region, which entered with the city (Bakhirat) the capital of the northern region (which is worshiped In it the god (Hur) deity falcon) is in a long struggle.
Prehistoric EgyptTimeline:
The North Region won the south, and Egypt unified for the first time in a politically large kingdom whose capital is the city of On, near Cairo, which the Greeks call Heliopolis. But this kingdom did not last long, as the two regions soon separated from each other and a new conflict took place between them, which took the remainder of the pre-dynastic era.
It became the capital of the north, Buto, in the western delta, and it is a wrong Greek reading, where its Egyptian name was 'Otto', which is the name of the Sumerian sun god. The goddess of this capital was depicted in the form of a snake that appears from the flower of the papyrus plant (which reminds us of the myth of the god Otto). As for the capital of the south, it became (Kab – El) and its symbol was the goddess (Nakhbat), which was depicted in the form of a falcon emerging from the flower of the bush plant.
And later the Egyptian pharaohs kept from among their surnames the title (with the two gods i.e. Bhutto and elite) the two guardians of the North and the South (hence the habit that caused the Egyptian to depict these two protector gods of King Tara in the form of two snakes, and another in the form of two hands. The great deities depicted in the form of snakes or eyes, as they merged into the royal crowns that distracted the Egyptians and were named after the women of magic.
prehistoric age:
The Pharaohs of God (Hur) worshiped in the northern and southern provinces, expressing their unity. The northern kings were distinguished by a red conical crown, while the southern kings were distinguished by a white conical crown.
- The deities Nakhbat (Rakhmeh) and the plant of Al-Asil / the goddess of the place in the south.
- Goddess Bhutto (Snake) and papyrus plant / Goddess Bhutto in the north.
Palermo Stone (relative to the Palermo Museum in Sicily, where the five largest fractures are located) and other annals of the ancient kingdom, denied that a large number of kings ruled in pre-dynastic Egypt, and we only know from the names of these kings seven of the northern kings such as (ska Khayu, Thich …).
And five names of the kings of the south were made clear by the reading: King Scorpion, who had great influence, and he called all of these kings the title (Abdo Hour), specifically (Shemsh Hor).
At the end of this era, the city of Nakhon (Hera Konpolis) became the capital of the south and the city of B, that is, Bhutto, the capital of the north.
According to recent studies, it is the two angels (Scorpio) and (Narmer) that united the North and South kingdoms in one kingdom. This is shown by the inscriptions of the King Scorpion's Pin, King Narmer's Pin (Narmer), and the Narmer Salat, which are indications of the struggle these two monarchs made in uniting Egypt to begin the era of ancient dynasties, which we can call the beginning of the historical era of Egypt.
After that, the country went through two attempts to unite the southern and northern countries, but they were unsuccessful until a strong ruler from the 'Thani' region (the Balinah Center) named (Narmer) or (Mina) managed to reunite the country and unify it for the third time under his rule.
Prehistoric Egypt:
And he chose for himself a new capital located in an intermediate center between the north and the south, which is the city of 'MTV', which was formerly known as mn – nfr, and it is the capital of the first southern region, which was known as inb – hd, meaning the white wall to surround the city with a huge white wall to fortify it. mn – nfr is the name given to the pyramid of King Bibi the first in the era of the sixth family and from it derives the name of the current 'Memphis' and the god Ptah was the god of the new capital.
The scenery of people apparently working in a mine. We know that the second half of the year was the period of mining under the leadership of the sun in the evening and the cow and the goddess quarreled. It was very hot to work with mining in the summer. Cow and goats halved in the winter of the year were the most important contributors to food.
Written by: Tamer Ahmed Abdel Fattah, Egypt
Researcher in the history of Egyptian civilization – tourist marketer
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